Fundamental principles of polymeric materials

Preface

Preface to the Second Edition

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

Problems

References

Part I. Polymer Fundamentals

2. Types of Polymers

2.1. Reaction to Temperature

2.2. Chemistry of Synthesis

2.3. Structure

2.4. Conclusions

Problems

Reference

3. Molecular Structure of Polymers

3.1. Types of Bonds

3.2. Bond Distances and Strengths

3.3. Bonding and Response to Temperature

3.4. Action of Solvents

3.5. Bonding and Molecular Structure

3.6. Stereoisomerism in Vinyl Polymers

3.7. Stereoisomerism in Diene Polymers

3.8. Summary

Problems

References

4. Polymer Morphology

4.1. Amorphous and Crystalline Polymers

4.2. The Effect of Polymer Structure, Temperature, and Solvent on Crystallinity

4.3. The Effect of Crystallinity on Polymer Density

4.4. The Effect of Crystallinity on Mechanical Properties

4.5. The Effect of Crystallinity on Optical Properties

4.6. Models for the Crystalline Structure of Polymers

4.7. Extended Chain Crystals

4.8. Liquid Crystal Polymers

Problems

References

5. Characterization of Molecular Weight

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Average Molecular Weights

5.3. Determination of Average Molecular Weights

5.4. Molecular Weight Distributions

5.5. Gel Permeation (or Size-Exclusion) Chromatography (GPC, SEC)

5.6. Summary

Problems

References

6. Thermal Transitions in Polymers

6.1. Introduction

6.2. The Glass Transition

6.3. Molecular Motions in an Amorphous Polymer

6.4. Determination of T g

6.5. Factors that Influence T g

6.6. The Effect of Copolymerization on T g

6.7. The Thermodynamics of Melting

6.8. The Metastable Amorphous State

6.9. The Influence of Copolymerization on Thermal Properties

6.10. Effect of Additives on Thermal Properties

6.11. General Observations about T g and T m

6.12. Effects of Crosslinking

6.13. Thermal Degradation of Polymers

6.14. Other Thermal Transitions

Problems

References

7. Polymer Solubility and Solutions

7.1. Introduction

7.2. General Rules for Polymer Solubility

7.3. Typical Phase Behavior in Polymer-Solvent Systems

7.4. The Thermodynamic Basis of Polymer Solubility

7.5. The Solubility Parameter

7.6. Hansen's Three-Dimensional Solubility Parameter

7.7. The Flory-Huggins Theory

7.8. Properties of Dilute Solutions

7.9. Polymer-Polmyer-Common Solvent Systems

7.10. Polymer Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions

7.11. Concentrated Solutions: Plasticizers

Problems

References

Part II. Polymer Synthesis

8. Step-Growth (Condensation) Polymerization

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Statistics of Linear Step-Growth Polymerization

8.3. Number-Average Chain Lengths

8.4. Chain Lengths on a Weight Basis

8.5. Gel Formation

8.6. Kinetics of Polycondensation

Problems

References

9. Free-Radical Addition (Chain-Growth) Polymerization

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Mechanism of Polymerization

9.3. Gelation in Addition Polymerization

9.4. Kinetics of Homogeneous Polymerization

9.5. Instantaneous Average Chain Lengths

9.6. Temperature Dependence of Rate and Chain Length

9.7. Chain Transfer and Reaction Inhibitors

9.8. Instantaneous Distributions in Free-Radical Addition Polymerization

9.9. Instantaneous Quantities

9.10. Cumulative Quantities

9.11. Relations Between Instantaneous and Cumulative Average Chain Lengths for a Batch Reactor

9.12. Emulsion Polymerization

9.13. Kinetics of Emulsion Polymerization in Stage II, Case 2

9.14. Summary

Problems

References

10. Advanced Polymerization Methods

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Cationic Polymerization

10.3. Anionic Polymerization

10.4. Kinetics of Anionic Polymerization

10.5. Group-Transfer Polymerization

10.6. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

10.7. Heterogeneous Stereospecific Polymerization

10.8. Grafted Polymer Surfaces

10.9. Summary

Problems

References

11. Copolymerization

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Mechanism

11.3. Significance of Reactivity Ratios

11.4. Variation of Composition with Conversion

11.5. Copolymerization Kinetics

11.6. Penultimate Effects and Charge-Transfer Complexes

11.7. Summary

Problems

References

12. Polymerization Practice

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Bulk Polymerization

12.3. Gas-Phase Olefin Polymerization

12.4. Solution Polymerization

12.5. Interfacial Polycondensation

12.6. Suspension Polymerization

12.7. Emulsion Polymerization

12.8. Summary

Problems

References

Part III. Polymer Properties

13. Rubber Elasticity

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Thermodynamics of Elasticity

13.3. Statistics of Ideal Rubber Elasticity

13.4. Summary

Problems

References

14. Introduction to Viscous Flow and the Rheological Behavior of Polymers

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Basic Definitions

14.3. Relations Between Shear Force and Shear Rate: Flow Curves

14.4. Time-Dependent Flow Behavior

14.5. Polymer Melts and Solutions

14.6. Quantitative Representation of Flow Behavior

14.7. Temperature Dependence of Flow Properties

14.8. Influence of Molecular Weight on Flow Properties

14.9. The Effects of Pressure on Viscosity

14.10. Viscous Energy Dissipation

14.11. Poiseuille Flow

14.12. Turbulent Flow

14.13. Drag Reduction

14.14. Summary .271

Problems

References

15. Linear Viscoelasticity

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Mechanical Models for Linear Viscoelastic Response

15.3. The Four-Parameter Model and Molecular Response

15.4. Viscous or Elastic Response? The Deborah Number

15.5. Quantitative Approaches to Model Viscoelasticity

15.6. The Boltzmann Superposition Principle

15.7. Dynamic Mechanical Testing

15.8. Summary

Problems

References

16. Polymer Mechanical Properties

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Mechanical Properties of Polymers

16.3. Axial Tensiometers

16.4. Viscosity Measurement

16.5. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: Techniques

16.6. Time-Temperature Superposition

16.7. Summary

Problems

References

Part IV. Polymer Processing and Performance

17. Processing

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Molding

17.3. Extrusion

17.4. Blow Molding

17.5. Rotational, Fluidized-Bed, and Slush Molding

17.6. Calendering

17.7. Sheet Forming (Thermoforming)

17.8. Stamping

17.9. Solution Casting

17.10. Casting

17.11. Reinforced Thermoset Molding

17.12. Fiber Spinning

17.13. Compounding

17.14. Lithography

17.15. Three-Dimensional (Rapid) Prototyping

17.16. Summary

Problems

References

18. Polymer Applications: Plastics and Plastic Additives

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Plastics

18.3. Mechanical Properties of Plastics

18.4. Contents of Plastic Compounds

18.5. Sheet Molding Compound for Plastics

18.6. Plastics Recycling

Problems

References

19. Polymer Applications: Rubbers and Thermoplastic Elastomers

19.1. Introduction

19.2. Thermoplastic Elastomers

19.3. Contents of Rubber Compounds

19.4. Rubber Compounding

References

20. Polymer Applications: Synthetic Fibers

20.1. Synthetic Fibers

20.2. Fiber Processing

20.3. Fiber Dyeing

20.4. Other Fiber Additives and Treatments

20.5. Effects of Heat and Moisture on Polymer Fibers

21. Polymer Applications: Surface Finishes and Coatings

21.1. Surface Finishes

21.2. Solventless Coatings

21.3. Electrodeposition

21.4. Microencapsulation

Problem

References

22. Polymer Applications: Adhesives

22.1. Adhesives

References

Index