Chinese utopianism: a comparative study of reformist thought with Japan and Russia, 1898-1997

Theory and method. Political culture theory ; Contract-oriented comparative case study ; Political discourse

Utopianism: Japan, Russia and China. Japan ; Russian ; China

Modernizing reforms: Japan and China. Structure: historical background of the Meiji restoration and the Late Qing reform ; Political strategies ; Philosophical underpinnings

Reforms within Communism: the Soviet Union. Structure: historical background of the new economic policy (1921-1929) and the thaw (1953-1964) ; Political strategies ; Philosophical underpinnings

Reforms with Communism: China. Structure: historical background of the Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) ; Political strategies ; Philosophical underpinnings

Reforms out of Communism: China and the Soviet Union. Structure: historical background of Deng's reform (1978-1997) and Gorbachev's reform (1985-1991) ; Political strategies ; Philosophical underpinnings

Conclusion: Hopefulness toward the future as natural, supernatural, and the product of human endeavor.