Roman republics

Periodization and the end of the Roman Republic

Toward a new paradigm : Roman republics

Early republics (fifth and fourth centuries)

Political innovations : a community in transition (second century)

Violence and the breakdown of the political process (133-81)

External pressures on internal politics (140-83)

An alternative to a crisis : Sulla's new republic

After the shipwreck (78-49)

Implications.