Sex trafficking: the global market in women and children

1. Introduction : size and scope Size and scope of sex trafficking around the world Regional volume : some examples Regional growth Sex industry growth The personal and the contextual The rise of sex trafficking from the former Soviet states Women from the NIS in foreign sex industries : size and scope Collapse of the Soviet Union and economic transition Decline in the status of women and vulnerability to traffickers Contributors to sex trafficking from a region in transition : conclusions Coming up Notes 2. Industry profits and debt bondage, or how traffickers make money from modern-day slavery Industry-wide profits and safeguards Regional profits The debt bondage system Debt amounts Living expenses and earnings Other charges : fines, medical costs, passport buybacks Living and working conditions Living quarters Work Control mechanisms : creating dependence Conditions vary Notes

3. Criminal networks and corrupt guardians : the trafficking industry Key structural components of the sex trafficking industry Networks and transnational crime One recruiter's trafficking network Trafficker roles Recruitment and transport Enforcement and extortion Corrupt guardians Concluding comments Notes 4. Sex trafficking and the changing face(s) of organized crime Key traditional and adaptive attributed of organized crime Characteristics of established and newer organized crime groups as sex traffickers Weak states and recognition of profitability : entrees for organized crime Established mafias active in sex trafficking The Russian mafia Other NIS organized crime Japanese Yakuza, Chinese Triads, and other East Asian crime groups Newer organized crime groups active in sex trafficking Eastern and Central European crime groups Crime groups and rings in, from, and around India Nigerian, other West African, and South African networks Latin American organized crime groups Summary comments Notes

5. From here to there : sex trafficking flows and the economic conditions that drive them Women's poverty, joblessness, and poor working conditions in source countries Conditions in developing and transitional source countries Conditions in affluent destination countries Globalization and its macrolevel ends Market privatization Market liberalization Spread of production through foreign investment Development policies : loans, debts, and austerity and structural adjustment programs Global and local conditions and sex trafficking flows : concluding comment Relationships between trafficking roles and countries' economic and gender status Measure of economic and gender status Human development level and primary trafficking roles Regional variations in economic and gender status and trafficking roles Conclusions from trafficking role and regional analyses [sic] Notes 6. Militarized rape and other patriarchal hostilities : fueling and legitimating male demand for sex trade War rape, wartime prostitution, and sex trafficking : connections Women as objects and property Making men out of boys : military socialization Battlefield rape and prostitution : one and the same Militarized rape, sexual enslavement, and patriarchy Patriarchy and masculine dominance Examples of wartime rape and sexual enslavement Organized religion, misogyny, and the sexual use of women Clerics and sexual enslavement Religious sexual enslavement Notes

7. The organization of military prostitution in modern times : building a sex trade from militarized demand

Organized military prostitution and prostitution economies : an example

The military's role in organizing prostitution in modern wars

World War II

The Korean War

The Vietnam War

Tentacles of organized military prostitution

Congregational prostitution

Racist images of sexualized "others"

Concluding comments

Notes

8. Tackling sex trafficking and enslaved prostitution now and into the future

Defining sex trafficking and sexual exploitation as universal harms

International conventions

Cultural relativism versus universal human rights

Immediate needs and long-term changes

Support and help for victims of trafficking

Problems and special needs of trafficked children

National laws on prostitution and sex trafficking

Tackling sex trafficking and enslaved prostitution through social change

Activating social change

Substantive societal change

In conclusion

Notes.