Clinical guide to sonography: exercises for critical thinking

Part 1: Abdomen:

Right Upper Quadrant Pain:

Gallbladder

Biliary tract disease

Liver

Liver Mass:

Liver

Benign masses

Malignant masses

Diffuse Liber Disease:

Diffuse liber disease

Hepatocellular disease

Epigastric Pain:

Pancreas

Pancreatitis

Pancreatic neoplasms

Hematuria:

Genitourinary system

Urolithiasis

Bladder neoplasms

Malignant neoplasms

Benign neoplasms

Rule Out Renal Failure:

Hydronephrosis

Acute glomerulonephritis

Papillary necrosis

Renal failure

Renal artery stenosis

Acute tubular necrosis

Renal infection

Renal Mass: Cystic Versus Solid:

Simple renal cysts

Complex renal cysts

Renal cystic disease

Left Upper Quadrant Pain:

Anatomy and physiology

Spleen

Variants and congenital anomalies

Splenomegaly

Hyposplenism

Cysts

Abscess

Infarct

Calcifications

Benign neoplasms

Malignant neoplasms

Trauma

Pediatric Mass:

Biliary tract

Liver

Adrenal gland

Kidneys

Suspect Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm:

Abdominal aorta

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Aortic endografts

Ruptured aneurysm

Aortic dissection

Aortic aneurysms screening

Suspect Appendicitis:

Anatomy and physiology

Appendicitis

Suspect Pyloric Stenosis Or Other Gastrointestinal Findings:

Pyloric stenosis

Intussusception

Part 2: Gynecology:

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding:

Normal uterine anatomy

Uterine physiology

Normal sonographic appearance

Myomethrial abnormalities

Endometrial abnormalities

Sonohysterography

Localize Intrauterine Device:

Normal sonographic appearance of an intrauterine device

Intrauterine device complications

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:

Sonographic findings

Infertility:

Endometriosis

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Congenital uterine anomalies

Sonographic monitoring of assisted reproductive technology cycles

Ovarian Mass:

Normal ovarian anatomy and physiology

Key sonographic observations

Functional or physiologic ovarian cysts

Nonfunctional cysts

Ovarian torsion

Ovarian neoplasms

Germ cell neoplasms

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms

Sex cord-stromal tumors

Metastatic ovarian tumors

Part 3: Obstetrics:

Uncertain Last Menstrual Period:

First-trimester biometry

Second-trimester and third-trimester biometry

Size Greater Than Dates:

Excessive fetal growth

Increased fundal height

Size Less Than Dates:

Oligohydramnios

Fetal renal anomalies

Intrauterine growth restriction

Premature rupture of membranes

Bleeding With Pregnancy:

First-trimester bleeding

Second-trimester bleeding

Postpartum bleeding

Multiple gestation:

Embryology of twinning

Clinical signs and symptoms

Complications

Sonographic evaluation

Fetal demise

Abnormal twinning

Elevated Alpha Fetoprotein:

Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein

Neural tube defects

Abdominal wall defects

Amniotic band syndrome

Ectopic Cordis

Genetic Testing:

Maternal screening options

Maternal serum screening

Invasive diagnostic and genetic testing

Noninvasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy

Sonographic markers

Chromosomal abnormalities

Fetal Anomaly:

Fetal brain

Fetal face

Fetal thorax

Fetal abdomen

Fetal skeleton

VACTERAL association

Abnormal Fetal Echocardiography:

Incidence of congenital heart disease in the fetus

Risk factors indicating fetal echocardiography

Sonographic evaluation of the fetal heart

Congenital heart anomalies

Part 5: Superficial Structures:

Breast Mass:

Breast

Cystic masses

Benign neoplasms

Breast cancer

Metastases

Augmentation

Inflammation

Hematoma

Male breast diseases

Scrotal Mass And Scrotal Pain:

Scrotum

Extratesticular mass

Cystic testicular mass

Solid testicular mass

Infiltrating testicular disease

Inguinal mass

Scrotal pain

Neck Mass:

Thyroid Mass:

Thyroid gland

Lymph nodes

Other neck masses

Elevated Prostate Specific Antigen:

Prostate anatomy

Prostate specific antigen

Prostate pathology

Part 5: Miscellaneous:

Hip Dysplasia:

Anatomy of the hip

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Sonographic evaluation of infant hips

Treatment

Premature Birth: Rule Out Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage:

Neonatal head

Intracranial hemorrhage

Periventricular leukomalacia

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Hydrocephalus

Congenital malformations

Neonatal Spinal dimple:

Normal anatomy

Sonographic evaluation

Tethered cord

Other abnormalities

Carotid Artery Disease:

Normal anatomy

Sonographic imaging techniques

Doppler imaging: spectral analysis

Color doppler

Carotid artery stenosis

Carotid artery occlusion

Subclavian steal

Carotid dissection

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Leg Pain:

Normal vascular anatomy

Venous disease

Differential diagnoses

Symptoms and sequelae treatments

Claudication: Peripheral Arterial Disease:

Normal vascular anatomy

Symptoms and testing

Arterial disease

Glossary

Answers to case studies

Answers to study questions.